Pitfalls of Using Wildcards

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Pitfalls of using wildcards

The next is an example of a naive way of using wildcard expansion that does not do what you would intend. Suppose you would like to say that the executable file, ‘foo’, is made from all the object files in the directory, and you write the following.

objects = *.o

foo : $(objects)
cc -o foo $(CFLAGS) $(objects)

The value of objects is the actual string ‘*.o’. Wildcard expansion happens in the rule for ‘foo’, so that each existing ‘.o’ file becomes a dependency of ‘foo’ and will be recompiled if necessary. But what if you delete all the ‘.o’ files? When a wildcard matches no files, it is left as it is, so then ‘foo’ will depend on the oddly-named file ‘*.o’. Since no such file is likely to exist, `make` will give you an error saying it cannot figure out how to make ‘*.o’. This is not what you want! Actually it is possible to obtain the desired result with wildcard expansion, but you need more sophisticated techniques, including the wildcard function and string substitution. These are described in The function, wildcard.

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