Installing GNU CC

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Installing GNU CC

The following documentation discusses installation and what you need to get the GNU compiler, GCC, to work for you.

- Installing GCC on UNIX systems
- Configurations supported by GNU CC
- Compilation in a separate directory
- Building and installing a cross-compiler
- Configuring a cross-compiler
- Tools and libraries for a cross-compiler
- libgcc.a and cross-compilers
- Steps of cross-compilation
- Cross-Compilers and header files
- Standard header file directories
- Actually building the cross-compiler
- collect2 and cross-compiling
- Installing GNU CC on the Sun
- Installing GNU CC on VMS

In the following documentation, we assume you compile in the same directory that contains the source files; see Compilation in a separate directory to find out how to compile in a separate directory on Unix systems.

You cannot install GNU CC by itself on MSDOS; it will not compile under any MSDOS compiler except itself. You need to get the complete compilation package, DJGPP, which includes binaries as well as sources, and includes all the necessary compilation tools and libraries.

Installing on UNIX systems

What follows is the procedure for installing GCC on a UNIX system. In this documentation, we assume you compile in the same directory that contains the source files; see Compilation in a separate directory to find out how to compile in a separate directory on UNIX systems.
For Sun systems, see Installing GNU CC on the Sun. For VMS systems, see Installing GNU CC on VMS. For Windows, you need to get the complete compilation package, DJGPP, which includes binaries as well as sources along with all the necessary compilation tools and libraries (see Sourceware page for details).

1.
If you have built GNU CC previously in the same directory for a different target machine, do make distclean to delete all files that might be invalid. One of the files that makedistclean deletes is Makefile; if makedistclean complains that Makefile does not exist, it probably means that the directory is already suitably clean.

2.
On a System V release 4 system, make sure /usr/bin precedes /usr/ucb in PATH. The cc command in /usr/ucb uses libraries which have bugs.

3.
Specify the host, build and target machine configurations. You do this by running the file, configure.

The build machine is the system which you are using, the host machine is the system where you want to run the resulting compiler (normally the build machine), and the target machine is the system for which you want the compiler to generate code.

If you are building a compiler to produce code for the machine it runs on (a native compiler), you normally do not need to specify any operands to configure; it will try to guess the type of machine you are on and use that as the build, host and target machines. So you dont need to specify a configuration when building a native compiler unless configure cannot figure out what your configuration is or guesses wrong.

In those cases, specify the build machines configuration name with the option, --build; the host and target will default to be the same as the build machine. The following is an example of a specification command.

    ./configurebuild=sparc-sun-sunos4.1

A configuration name may be canonical or it may be more or less abbreviated. A canonical configuration name has three parts, separated by dashes. It uses the following parts.

    cpu-company-system

The three parts may themselves contain dashes; configure can figure out which dashes serve which purpose. For example, m68k-sun-sunos4.1 specifies a Sun 3. (If you are building a cross-compiler, see Building and installing a cross-compiler.)

You can also replace parts of the configuration by nicknames or aliases. For example, sun3 stands for m68k-sun, so sun3-sunos4.1 is another way to specify a Sun 3. You can also use sun3-sunos, since the version of SunOS is, by default, version 4.

You can specify a version number after any of the system types, and some of the CPU types. In most cases, the version is irrelevant, and will be ignored. So you might as well specify the version if you know it.

Warning:
See Configurations supported by GNU CC for a list of supported configuration names and notes on many of the configurations. Check the notes in that section before proceeding any further with the installation of GNU CC.

There are four additional options you can specify independently to describe variant hardware and software configurations: --with-gnu-as, --with-gnu-ld, --with-stabs and --nfp.

- --with-gnu-as

If you will use GNU CC with the GNU assembler (GAS), you should declare this by using the --with-gnu-as option when you run configure.
Using this option does not install GAS. It only modifies the output of GNU CC to work with GAS. Building and installing GAS is up to you.
Conversely, if you do not wish to use GAS and do not specify --with-gnu-as when building GNU CC, it is up to you to make sure that GAS is not installed.
GNU CC searches for a program named as in various directories; if the program it finds is GAS, then it runs GAS. If you are not sure where GNU CC finds the assembler it is using, try specifying -v when you run it.
The systems where it makes a difference whether you use GAS are hppa1.0-any-any, hppa1.1-any-any, i386-any-sysv, i386-any-isc, i860-any-bsd, m68k-bull-sysv, m68k-hp-hpux, m68k-sony-bsd, m68k-altos-sysv, m68000-hp-hpux, m68000-att-sysv, any-lynx-lynxos and mips-any. On any other system, --with-gnu-as has no effect.
On the previously listed systems (except for the HPPA, for ISC on the 386, and for mips-sgi-irix5.*), if you use GAS, you should also use the GNU linker (specifying withwith-gnu-ld).

- --with-gnu-ld

Specify the option, --with-gnu-ld, if you plan to use the GNU linker with GNU CC.
This option does not cause the GNU linker to be installed; it just modifies the behavior of GNU CC to work with the GNU linker. Specifically, it inhibits the installation of collect2, a program which otherwise serves as a front-end for the systems linker on most configurations.

- --with-stabs

On MIPS based systems and on Alphas, you must specify whether you want GNU CC to create the normal ECOFF debugging format, or to use BSD-style stabs passed through the ECOFF symbol table. The normal ECOFF debug format cannot fully handle languages other than C. BSD stabs format can handle other languages, but it only works with the GNU debugger GDB.
Normally, GNU CC uses the ECOFF debugging format by default; if you prefer BSD stabs, specify --with-stabs when you configure GNU CC.
No matter which default you choose when you configure GNU CC, the user can use the -gcoff and -gstabs+ options to specify explicitly the debug format for a particular compilation.
--with-stabs is meaningful on the ISC system on the 386, also, if -with-gas is used. It selects use of stabs debugging information embedded in COFF output. This kind of debugging information supports C++ well; ordinary COFF debugging information does not.
-with-stabs is also meaningful on 386 systems running SVR4. It selects use of stabs debugging information embedded in ELF output. The C++ compiler currently (2.6.0) does not support the DWARF debugging information normally used on 386 SVR4 platforms; stabs provide a workable alternative. This requires gas and gdb, as the normal SVR4 tools can not generate or interpret stabs.

- --nfp

On certain systems, you must specify whether the machine has a floating point unit. These systems include m68k-sun-sunosn and m68k-isi-bsd. On any other system, --nfp currently has no effect, though perhaps there are other systems where it could usefully make a difference.

- --enable-objcthreads=type

Certain systems, notably Linux, cant be relied on to supply a threads facility for the Objective C runtime and so will default to single-threaded runtime. They may, however, have a library threads implementation available, in which case threads can be enabled with this option by supplying a suitable type, probably posix. The possibilities for type are single, posix, win32, solaris, irix and mach.

The configure script searches subdirectories of the source directory for other compilers that are to be integrated into GNU CC.

The GNU compiler for C++, called g++, is in a subdirectory named cp. configure inserts rules into Makefile to build all of those compilers.

In the following, we clarify which files will be set up by configure. Normally you need not be concerned with these files.

- A file named config.h is created that contains a #include of the top-level configuration file for the machine you will run the compiler on (for a specific CPU and system, see Configurations supported by GNU CC).
This file is responsible for defining information about the host machine. It includes tm.h.
The top-level configuration file is located in the subdirectory, config. Its name is always xm- something.h; usually,
xm- machine.h, but there are some exceptions.
If your system does not support symbolic links, you might want to set up config.h to contain a #include command which refers to the appropriate file.
- A file named tconfig.h is created which includes the top-level configuration file for your target machine. This is used for compiling certain programs to run on that machine.
- A file named tm.h is created which includes the machine-description macro file for your target machine. It should be in the subdirectory config with the specific name of the system followed by .h (for a specific CPU and system, see Configurations supported by GNU CC).
- The command file, configure, also constructs the file, Makefile, by adding some text to the template file, Makefile.in. The additional text comes from files in the config directory, named t-target and x-host. If these files do not exist, it means nothing needs to be added for a given target or host.

4.
The standard directory for installing GNU CC is /usr/local/lib.

If you want to install its files somewhere else, specify --prefix=dir when you run configure. dir is a directory name to use instead of /usr/local for all purposes with one exception: the directory /usr/local/include is searched for header files no matter where you install the compiler. To override this name, use the --local-prefix option in Step 5.

5.
Specify --local-prefix=dir if you want the compiler to search directory dir/include for locally installed header files instead of /usr/local/include.

You should specify --local-prefix only if your site has a different convention (not /usr/local) for where to put site-specific files.

The default value for --local-prefix is /usr/local regardless of the value of --prefix. Specifying --prefix has no effect on which directory GNU CC searches for local header files. This may seem counterintuitive, but actually it is logical. The purpose of --prefix is to specify where to install GNU CC. The local header files in /usr/local/includeif you put any in that directoryare not part of GNU CC. They are part of other programsperhaps many others. (GNU CC installs its own header files in another directory which is based on the --prefix value.)

Warning:
Do not specify /usr as the --local-prefix!

The directory you use for --local-prefix must not contain any of the systems standard header files. If it did contain them, certain programs would be miscompiled (including GNU Emacs, on certain targets), because this would override and nullify the header file corrections made by the fixincludes script.

Indications are that people use this option use it based on mistaken ideas of its purpose. They use it as if it specified where to install GNU CC, perhaps on the assumption that installing GNU CC creates this directory.

6.
Make sure the Bison parser generator is installed. (This is unnecessary if the Bison output files c-parse.c and cexp.c are more recent than
c-parse.y and cexp.y and you do not plan to change the .y files.)

Bison versions older than Sept 8, 1988 will produce incorrect output for c-parse.c.

7.
If you have chosen a configuration for GNU CC which requires other GNU tools (such as GAS or the GNU linker) instead of the standard system tools, install the required tools in the build directory under the names as, ld, or whatever is appropriate. This will enable the compiler to find the proper tools for compilation of the program enquire.

Alternatively, you can do subsequent compilation using a value of the PATH environment variable such that the necessary GNU tools come before the standard system tools.

8.
Build the compiler. Just type make LANGUAGES=c in the compiler directory. LANGUAGES=c specifies that only the C compiler should be compiled. The Makefile normally builds compilers for all the supported languages; currently, C, C++ and Objective C. However, C is the only language that is sure to work when you build with other non-GNU C compilers. In addition, building anything but C, at this stage, is a waste of time.

In general, you can specify the languages to build by typing the argument LANGUAGES="list" where list is one or more words from the list c, c++, and objective-c. If you have any additional GNU compilers as subdirectories of the GNU CC source directory, you may also specify their names in this list.

Ignore any warnings you may see about statement not reached in insn-emit.c; they are normal. Also, warnings about unknown escape sequence are normal in genopinit. and perhaps some other files. Likewise, you should ignore warnings about constant is so large that it is unsigned in insn-emit.c and insn-recog.c and a warning about a comparison always being zero in enquire.o. Any other compilation errors may represent bugs in the port to your machine or operating system, and should be investigated and reported (see Reporting bugs). Some commercial compilers fail to compile GNU CC because they have bugs or limitations. For example, the Microsoft compiler is said to run out of macro space. Some Ultrix compilers run out of expression space; then you need to break up the statement where the problem happens.

9.
If you are building a cross-compiler, stop here. See Building and installing a cross-compiler.

10.
Move the first-stage object files and executables into a subdirectory with the following command:

    make stage1

The files are moved into a subdirectory named stage1. Once installation is complete, you may wish to delete these files with rm -r stage1.

11.
If you have chosen a configuration for GNU CC which requires other GNU tools (such as GAS or the GNU linker) instead of the standard system tools, install the required tools in the stage1 subdirectory under the names as, ld or whatever is appropriate. This will enable the stage 1 compiler to find the proper tools in the following stage.

Alternatively, you can do subsequent compilation using a value of the PATH environment variable such that the necessary GNU tools come before the standard system tools.

12.
Recompile the compiler with itself, with the following command.

    make CC="stage1/xgcc   -Bstage1/"   CFLAGS="-g -O2"

This is called making the stage 2 compiler. The command shown in the previous example builds compilers for all the supported languages. If you dont want them all, you can specify the languages to build by typing the argument LANGUAGES="list". Where list should contain one or more words from the list c, c++, objective-c, and proto. Separate the words with spaces. proto stands for the programs protoize and unprotoize; they are not a separate language, but you use LANGUAGES to enable or disable their installation. If you are going to build the stage 3 compiler, then you might want to build only the C language in stage 2. Once you have built the stage 2 compiler, if you are short of disk space, you can delete the subdirectory stage1. On a 68000 or 68020 system lacking floating point hardware, unless you have selected a tm.h file that expects by default to find no hardware; instead, use the following command.

    make CC="stage1/xgcc -Bstage1/" CFLAGS="-g -O2 -msoft-float"

13.
If you wish to test the compiler by compiling it with itself one more time, install any other necessary GNU tools (such as GAS or the GNU linker) in the stage2 subdirectory as you did in the stage1 subdirectory; then, use the following. This is called making the stage 3 compiler.

    make stage2
    make CC="stage2/xgcc -Bstage2/" CFLAGS="-g -O2"

Aside from the -B option, the compiler options should be the same as when you made the stage 2 compiler. But the LANGUAGES option need not be the same. The command in the previous example builds compilers for all the supported languages; if you dont want them all, you can specify the languages to build by typing the argument LANGUAGES="list" as described in Step 8. If you dont have to install any additional GNU tools, you may use the following command instead of making stage1, stage2, and performing the two compiler builds.

    make bootstrap    LANGUAGES= language-list \
                BOOT_CFLAGS= option-list

14.
Then compare the latest object files with the stage 2 object filesthey ought to be identical, aside from time stamps (if any).

On some systems, meaningful comparison of object files is impossible; they always appear different. This is currently true on Solaris and some systems that use ELF object file format. On some versions of Irix on SGI machines and DEC Unix (OSF/1) on Alpha systems, you will not be able to compare the files without specifying -save-temps; see the description of individual systems above to see if you get comparison failures. You may have similar problems on other systems. Use the following command to compare the files.

    make compare

This will mention any object files that differ between stage 2 and stage 3. Any difference, no matter how innocuous, indicates that the stage 2 compiler has compiled GNU CC incorrectly, and is therefore a potentially serious bug which you should investigate and report (see Reporting bugs).

If your system does not put time stamps in the object files, then use the following as a faster way to compare them (using the Bourne shell).

    for file in *.o; do
    cmp $file stage2/$file
    done

Note:
If you built the compiler on MIPS machines with the option, -mno-mips-tfile, you cant compare files.

15.
Install the compiler driver, the compilers passes and run-time support with make install. Use the same value for CC, CFLAGS and LANGUAGES that you used when compiling the files that are being installed. One reason this is necessary is that some versions of Make have bugs and recompile files gratuitously when you use this step. If you use the same variable values, those files will be properly recompiled.

For example, if you have built the stage 2 compiler, you can use the following command.

    make install CC="stage2/xgcc -Bstage2/" CFLAGS="-g -O" \
                                                  LANGUAGES=" list"

This copies the files cc1, cpp and libgcc.a to files cc1, cpp and libgcc.a in the directory /usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/target/version, which is where the compiler driver program looks for them. In this case, target is the target machine type specified when you ran configure, and version is the version number of GNU CC.

This naming scheme permits various versions and/or cross-compilers to coexist. It also copies the executables for compilers for other languages (e.g., cc1plus for C++) to the same directory.

This also copies the driver program xgcc into /usr/local/bin/gcc, so that it appears in typical execution search paths.

It also copies gcc.1 into /usr/local/man/man1 and info pages into /usr/local/info.

On some systems, this command causes recompilation of some files. This is usually due to bugs in make. You should either ignore this problem, or use GNU Make.

Warning:
There is a bug in alloca in the Sun library. To avoid this bug, be sure to install the executables of GNU CC that were compiled by GNU CC. (The executables from stage 2 or 3, not stage 1.) They use alloca as a built-in function, never the one in the library.

(It is usually better to install GNU CC executables from stage 2 or 3, as they usually run faster than ones compiled with some other compiler.)

16.
If youre going to use C++, its likely that you need to also install the libg++ distribution. It should be available from the same place where you got the GNU C distribution.

Just as GNU C does not distribute a C runtime library, it also does not include a C++ run-time library. All I/O functionality, special class libraries, etc., are available in the libg++ distribution.

17.
GNU CC includes a runtime library for Objective-C because it is an integral part of the language. You can find the files associated with the library in the subdirectory objc. The GNU Objective-C Runtime Library requires header files for the targets C library in order to be compiled,and also requires the header files for the targets thread library if you want thread support. See Cross-compilers and header files for discussion about header files issues for cross-compilation.

When you run configure, it picks the appropriate Objective-C thread implementation file for the target platform. In some situations, you may wish to choose a different back-end as some platforms support multiple thread implementations or you may wish to disable thread support completely. You do this by specifying a value for the OBJC_THREAD_FILE makefile variable on the command line when you run make. Use the folllowing example, for instance.

    make CC="stage2/xgcc -Bstage2/" CFLAGS="-g -O2" OBJC_THREAD_FILE=thr-single

The following lists the currently available back-ends.

- thr-single

Disable thread support, should work for all platforms.

- thr-decosf1

DEC OSF/1 thread support.

- thr-irix

SGI IRIX thread support.

- thr-mach

Generic MACH thread support, known to work on NEXTSTEP.

- thr-os2

IBM OS/2 thread support.

- thr-posix

Generix POSIX thread support.

- thr-pthreads

PCThreads on Linux-based GNU systems.

- thr-solaris

SUN Solaris thread support.

- thr-win32

Microsoft Win32 API thread support.

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